Mentoring vs. Induction Programs

How does a mentoring program differ from an induction program? Induction programs are professional experiences for beginning teachers that provide systematic and sustained assistance to ease the transition into teaching (Kauchak & Eggen, 2005, p. 500). For example, an induction program assists new teachers with teacher workshops that cater to first year teachers to help them to be better successful in their new classrooms. Mentoring programs are experienced teachers who provide guidance and support for beginning teachers (Kauchak & Eggen, 2005, p. 500).The difference between mentoring and induction programs is mentoring programs is done by a single person (an experienced teacher) who help guide you in succeeding inside your classroom, and an induction program is a program that contains workshops and provides first year teachers crucial information to be able to be successful in their new classrooms. Are mentoring and induction programs equally effective? I do not believe that mentori ng and induction programs are equally effective. I believe that mentoring programs are least effective than induction programs.Mentoring programs only offer you a mentor to help you settle into your new classroom for the first year, while induction programs offer you so much more such as: * Special attention is given to teachers in the beginning years of their career to help to link their performance to state and district standards (Kauchak & Eggen, 2005, p. 500). * Mentors for beginning teachers are compensated for their work and are given opportunities for their own professional growth through classes that help them become affective mentors (Kauchak & Eggen, 2005, p. 00). * Teachers receive assistance and support with everyday problems and are encouraged to develop a reflective professional attitude (Kauchak & Eggen, 2005, p. 500). * Universities and schools collaborate to create clinical learning environments for beginning teachers. These relationships provide professional develo pment for both k-12 teachers and university faculty (Kauchak & Eggen, 2005, p. 500). This makes induction programs more effective than mentoring programs because it offers so much more than a mentoring program does.Mentoring programs provide you only a teaching professional to guide you through the first year, while an induction program provides with workshops and programs that better help you to develop as a professional through your first year. What kind of support is available for new teachers that participate in these types of programs? The kind of support that is available for new teachers that participate in the mentoring and induction programs is that of professional development.Induction programs offer professional development by setting up workshops for new teachers that can help them through their first year of teaching. Mentoring programs offer professional development by giving them a mentor that can guide them in helping them to become successful by their own personal e xperiences. Based on your research, what do these programs lack and what kinds of additional features would improve these programs? Based on my research, I think that the programs would be more beneficial if the two programs would work together.I think that if a new teacher used both the mentoring and the induction programs that they could be more successful. By using one program I do not believe that you could learn all that you needed to learn in just one of these programs. Yes, the induction program is good for profession development by offering workshops to better a first year teacher, but having a mentor along the side of you to support you would be even better. I think this would also better help teachers to stay in this profession instead of changing professions because they

Drug test Essay

Carl Robins, began working for ABC, Incorporated, about six months ago as a campus recruiter. This is considered a tough job, which involves many responsible. Carl had only been with the company for six months, but expressed he was ready to begin recruiting people. In early April, Carl recruited his first fifteen people. Those people would be working for Monica Carroll who was the Operations Supervisor. Monica informed Carl that she would need them to be done with orientation and working by July, first. Carl planed for all fifteen people to begin orientation on June fifteenth, this would give Carl fifteen days to finish up everything that was not complete. This case study will discuss what Carl Robins was responsible for, it will examine the key problems, and analysis what caused these problems, and provide different possible solutions to the problems. The Facts The facts in this case study, some of which have already been discussed previously are as followed: Carl had only been working for ABC, Incorporated, for six months before making the decision that he was ready to take on all the responsibilities of a recruiter. Carl recruited his first fifteen new hire employees in early April, and informed all fifteen people that orientation was scheduled for June fifteenth. Carl received a phone call May, fifteenth from Monica Carrolls, reminding him of the long list of tasks that all the fifteen new hires must have completed. The long list contained the training schedule, orientation manuals, policy handbooks, physicals, and their mandatory drug tests. On May, twenty-sixth, Carl began to look over the new hires files, and realized all the missing paperwork that needed to be completed. None of their drug tests had been completed, and Carl could find three orientation manuals all missing pages. The last thing that pushed Carl over the edge was when he passed by the training room and noticed all the computers that were set up the training room. That is when Joe informed him Carl had the room reserved for the entire month Key Problems/ Cause of problems Carl Robbins has several different problems at this point, but they all began with one root problem and over time got worse. The root problem that could have made a huge difference it if never happened is called procrastination. According to Psychology Today. com, everyone procrastinates from time to time, but about twenty percent of people deliberately avoid tasks that can be difficult and look more for some kind of distraction. It also states that procrastination plays a large role in our struggles with self-control and our ability to predict how we are going to feel tomorrow, or even the following days (Psychologytoday. com). Because Carl chose to procrastinate, many other problems branched off from the main problem. Things like; not making sure that all the mandatory drug tests were completed, or an appointment setup for them. Not having all their new hire files complete, or the manuals ready for orientation, not even having a training room for orientation. The causes of all these problems were procrastination, poor time management skill, and lack of preparation. Due to Carl’s procrastination, poor time management skills, and lack of preparation it has not only cause more stress on him, but he is going to need guidance from his boss on the best way to fix the problem. Possible Solutions to the Problem First, a list should be made of all the problems then each problem can be addressed separately. The lists of problems are as followed: 1. Procrastination 2. Incomplete applications 3. Incomplete orientation Manuals 4. No training room for orientation 5. Mandatory drug tests Procrastination is a problem that many people struggle to overcome. According to Carol Halsey the Founder and President of Business Organizing Solutions, he stated the four main reason that people procrastinate is because of poor habits, feeling overwhelmed, trying to be perfect, and would rather be doing something else (powerhomebiz. com). Here are 10 tips that Carl and many other people could try that will him them stop procrastinating: 1. 1 Keep perfectionism in check, make a list but not one that is imposable to accomplish. 2. 2 Get quick things out of the way, try doing all the small things on the list first. 3. Take small steps, break things down into small projects so you don’t get overwhelmed. 4. Reward yourself, as you accomplish small goals always reward yourself, it can become motivation. 5. Do the easy things first, try to do the easy things first so you don’t get overwhelmed. 6. Alternatively, maybe do the hard things first, try getting the hard things out of the way first? 7. Be an optimist, all ways stay positive, see the good things about the situation 8. Do not let temptations fuel you, do not let things like TV, and your phone distract you. 9. Use your energy wisely, Try to tackle your list when you have to most energy 10. Find support from others, if you are having trouble with something ask for help (Stressabout. com) The next problem that needs to be addressed making sure that the new hires have completed all of their application. This problem is not a difficult one to fix. After going through all the files, set aside the ones that need to be finished. Give them a call and set up a time in the next week to have them finish fill all the proper paper work out. I order to fix the next problem Carl needs to find a manual that does not have any missing pages. One way to try to locate one is send out a mass email and mark it as urgent, asking your fellow employees for helping you locate it. Once you get your hands on one that is complete. Making the copies should be a breeze. Now that Carl knows the training is not available, he needs to find a room big enough to fit sixteen people. Again never be afraid to ask for help for others to help fix things. Sending out emails or asking around is a good tool that needs to be utilized. If all else fells Carl could always call his local library and see if they have a training room use. Mandatory drug tests are one of the first things that need to be taken care of. Most pre- employment drug testing sites operate on a first come first serve basis. When you send someone for a drug test there is a paper that is filled out by the employer that they will need to take will them. The person taking the test will need to make sure they have their identification that shows who they are. The best plan of action that Carl should take is first to call the fifteen people and tell them he needs them to meet at his office at eight A. M. the following morning. At that point, he can finish all the paper work needed and send them for their drug test. Then he needs to send out emails asking about a training room, and the orientation manuals. Wish a little help from his fellow co-workers he should not have a problem completing those tasks Conclusion It is important when given a task to set up a plan and stick to it. If you procrastinate like has done, and many others people. You will find yourself stressed out and rushing to get everything completed. Let this be a lesson that it is important to stay on task and not wait until the last minute to try to get things done. After reading this case study now can understand the problems Carl encountered, what he did wrong that caused those problems, and different ideas to fix the problems and not make the same mistakes in the future. References Procrastination – How To Stop Procrastination, retrieved from, http://stress. about. com/od/Stress-Management-How-To/ht/How-To-Stop-Procrastination-10-Tips-To-Try. htm Psych Basics Procrastination retrieved from, http://www. psychologytoday. com/basics/procrastination.

The Complete 2018 AP Exam Calendar

If you’re like many high school students, with the second semester now underway your thoughts may be turning to the end of the year. Specifically, you might be starting to think about AP exams, and you’re right to do so. Whether you’re enrolled in AP classes or planning to self study for AP exams , now is a great time to turn your eye towards the AP calendar. Each year, AP exams are administered over a two week period in May. In 2018, the tests will begin on May 7 and, with the exception of specially administered late exams, they will wrap up on May 18. Because different tests are administered on different dates and at different times, you’ll need to plan well in advance to accommodate the tests you want to take. In this post, we’ll present the complete 2018 AP Exam Calendar along with our favorite advice for AP exam prep. With the holidays behind us and the new year underway, ’tis the season to think about spring testing. Are you ready? *This data is taken from the CollegeBoard AP Calendar Also keep in mind that if you are an AP Studio Art student, your portfolio is due online by Friday, May 11. Your teachers or coordinators must upload your digital portfolio by 8 PM EDT and hold the portfolio assembly for 2-D Design and Drawing by this date. Also keep in mind that AP Seminar End-of-Course Exams are available only to students enrolled in the AP Capstone Program. You may not self- study for this test. For more information about the AP Capstone Program, see our post An Introduction to the AP Capstone Diploma . Finally, if you identify a scheduling conflict in your exam schedule, talk to a teacher or counsellor as soon as possible. The College Board will coordinate late testing dates if your situation necessitates one, but you will need to apply to do so. You can find more information about late testing on the Late Testing Dates page . Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. If just looking at the test schedule makes you dizzy, don’t worry. AP exams are intimidating to many students at first. Luckily, if you approach each exam individually and use our time-proven study guides and test strategies, you’ll be ready on AP exam day.

Totalitarianism - World history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Totalitarianism - World history - Essay Example Some of the popular totalitarian leaders such as Hitler of Germany and Stalin of Soviet union can be used as an example of those who used special secret police to spy on and punish those who criticized their authority. Hitler used the Gestapo to punish those who went against the Nazi ideologies (Lloyd 2011). As stated earlier, totalitarian rule does not accord any importance to basic human rights. In Germany for example, Hitler blamed the Jews for the increased unemployment rate in the country, which was untrue as such was as a result of the great depression in 1930s. Consequently, thousands of Jews were incarcerated without fair trial and others were murdered in the process. Stalin on the other hand introduced collective farming, which forced numerous peasant farmers to give up their land, a policy which was highly criticized and which led to massive killings of those who opposed it. Freedom of expression in such a rule is also hard to find as the ruling party takes control of all m edia, in order to ensure that reporting is done in a biased manner favorable to the government.

Marketing Communication in Morocco PowerPoint Presentation

Marketing Communication in Morocco - PowerPoint Presentation Example As such, this report is about advertising in Morocco and the marketing communications tools and techniques used in this particular country. The report starts by explaining the meaning of marketing communication in order to gain a full understanding of the whole concept. This will be followed by an outline of advertising in this country as well as anevaluation of the structure of advertising with regards to laws that exist in this nation. The last part of the report will outline the recommendations that can be implemented in order to improve the situation regarding marketing communications within Morocco. Theoretical framework of marketing communication In order to gain a full understanding of the concept of marketing communication, it is imperative to begin by explaining what marketing communications is all about with regards to advertising and how it influences the customers to buy certain products. Basically, marketing communications can be defined as, â€Å"the process of presenting an integrated set of stimuli to a market target with the aim of raising a desired set of responses within the market target and setting up channels to receive, interpret and act on messages. from the market to modify present company messages and identify new communications opportunities,† (Lancaster & Reynolds, 149). The company can influence the customers to buy its products given that it can assume the role of both sender and receiver of messages that are related to different market factors. These messages are specifically tailored to appeal to the interests of as many customers as possible in a bid to enhance the company’s viability in its operations. Therefore, it can be seen that marketing communication is one major element that influences the consumers to buy certain products offered through responding to messages disseminated to them about various products offered by different organisations. Marketing communica

Three Interesting Articles about an Issue Related to Money and Capital Assignment

Three Interesting Articles about an Issue Related to Money and Capital Markets, Financial Markets, Financial Instrument - Assignment Example The first article "Economists are rethinking the view that capital should not be taxed" relates to policy making. Taxation is one of the major tools of fiscal policy. The policy makers consider the canons of taxation put forth by Adam Smith but some markets are so complex that it is almost impossible to achieve all the objectives of these canons: There are trade-offs. This article probes into the usefulness of tax on capital gains. Traditionally, taxes on capital gains have been low because of the belief that higher taxes would have an impact on growth. This article provides arguments against this view and suggests that taxing capital gains is a good idea. America’s current corporate-tax system is being blamed for the struggling economy. Currently, the tax rate on capital gains is 15% which is lower than in many countries. Since the 1970s and 1980s, many economics have believed that this tax must be made lower. Some argue that there should be no capital tax at all. Governments have to tax some part to restore equality and to fund public goods but there is an inevitable trade-off: taxes have an impact on consumption. Negative responses to taxation are harmful for the economy. Taxation has been dealing with inequalities that related to pay differences and these inequalities were addressed through taxation on labor. However, capital tax has more complicated implications because when tax affects the level of investments and savings, it has an impact on future growth and consumption. The economic sector has incessantly appealed the policy makers to cut the rate of capital tax and it was, in fact, brought down to more than half from 1950 to 1980. There is pressure for more and zero capital tax has been recommended by most economists. Messrs Piketty and Saez have argued that lower capital tax has brought more inequalities and lesser growth. They argue that taxing capital gains is not a bad idea because the capital markets are imperfect and it is appropriate to tax capital to provide social insurance against risks. It is commonly believed that capital investments are very sensitive to the changes in tax rates. In order to keep these investments running in the future, zero tax on capital gain should be employed. This belief is reputed by the argument that most of these taxes are paid by working-age ad ults who are saving for their retirement. Therefore, they are going to save regardless of the fact that their savings are being taxed. Some economics argue that the conventional view of taxes has been ignoring inheritances. Taxing hard workers who have earned their income due to their ability seems to be unfair as those who have done nothing to earn their income are exempt. Messrs Piketty and Saez found out that the capital-output ratios

Constitutionality of RFID Technology within the Las Vegas Gaming Essay

Constitutionality of RFID Technology within the Las Vegas Gaming Surveillance System - Essay Example asino and how much they are wagering in hopes of generating more revenue out of high rollers by using RFID systems to analyze game activity against statistical models of a suspicious winning streak. In the zero latency of Vegas where cameras track your profile from the moment you step inside a casino, the paper will intend to focus first on the relevancy and invasion of privacy that RFID tags cause. Activists fear thieves using RFID readers to track potential victims and overall identity theft, and thus the paper will examine historical uses of the RFID tags currently in book tracking, electronic toll collection, location sensing in tires, smart cards, etc. and compare the arguments against RFID tags between historical usage and the proposed in Vegas. The paper also intends to analyze the modes of privacy invasion already current and accepted in Vegas and analyze the increased burden that RFID may cause to the gambling community and whether this warrants a cause of concern. I intend on cross-examining the current RFID technology and the current Vegas standard of privacy invasion by researching numerous past cases for and against the invasion of privacy on both ends. I then hope to determine the benefits and the disadvantages of implementing the RFID technology into the Vegas gaming market. The U.S. gaming industry has witnessed a surge of activity in recent years and the gross domestic gaming revenue has recently peaked over $70 billion. Home to gaming centers Las Vegas and Atlantic City, Nevada and New Jersey respectively alone generates $15 billion of gaming revenue. The industry attracts approximately a quarter of the U.S. adult population into making nearly 300 million trips to gaming venues a year. Over the last thirty years, the industry has transitioned from a once low-tech and labor- intensive mom-and-pop operation to a technology-centered, large corporation-based entertainment empire. With an estimated 3 million Americans putting over $6 billion

Analyse a case of The Prosecutor v. Abdel Raheem Muhammad Hussein Essay

Analyse a case of The Prosecutor v. Abdel Raheem Muhammad Hussein - Essay Example Also attributed against him are the war crimes of murder, attacks against a civilian population, destruction of property, rape, pillaging, and outrage upon personal dignity, all punishable under the same statute. The warrant was issued based on the belief that Hussein was a key person in the counter-insurgency plan that involved attacks against civilians to end the conflict in Darfur between the armed groups SLM/A or the Sudanese Liberation Movement/Army and JEM or Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) against the government of Sudan and the militia Janjaweed. These unlawful attacks were executed â€Å"by the Sudanese armed forces and/or the Militia/Janjaweed† to target the people belonging to Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups who were known as rebel supporters (International Criminal Court, 2014). The issue on the war in Darfur is an ongoing problem that many have called genocide. Thousands have died before the rest of the world became aware of what was happening in that region of Sudan. The International Justice Project (IJP) writes that it was in March of 2005 when the United Nations Security Council released a resolution that referred the matter to the ICC. It was also after this time when the people behind the attacks were brought to the attention of the Chambers of the court. Hussein, accused as one of the primary perpetrators in thinking up of the common plan which gave financial and military support to a non-government group through Janjaweed other than the government forces who are to carry out the violent plans against rebel forces even if the same would cause many civilian casualties (International Justice Project, 2012). The Janjaweed, who are primarily Arabs, carried out the execution of their counterparts especially of non-Arab backgrounds. The group has been acc used of ethnic cleansing by consciously killing the

Comparative Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Comparative Legal System - Essay Example Promissory estoppel brings principles of fairness and equity into the equation for the first time and lowers the bar to allow more informal arrangements to have force of law. While it would an overstatement to say that estoppel undermines common law rules of consideration—because courts have discretion whether to apply the doctrine or not—it certainly alters the significance of consideration in contract-making. The doctrine of promissory estoppel prevents a party in a legal relationship from withdrawing a promise made to another party if the latter has relied on that promise and acted upon it to his or her detriment. This doctrine was resurrected after many decades in obscurity by Lord Denning in Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130. In this case High Trees House leased a block of flats for a rate  £2500 per year from Central London Property Trust. Because of the war and the German bombing of London it was very hard to find people to live in the flats and High Trees was losing a lot of money. In 1940, the parties made an agreement in writing to reduce the rent by half. The period of time that this reduction was to last, however, was not clear. Over the next five years, High Trees paid the reduced rate. Then, in 1945, the flats were more popular and full again. There was a disagreement between the two parties and Central London sued for payment of the fu ll rental costs. In his ruling, Lord Denning wrote: I am satisfied that a promise such as that to which I have referred is binding and the only question remaining for my consideration is the scope of the promise in the present case. I am satisfied on all the evidence that the promise here was that the ground rent should be reduced to 1,250l. a year as a temporary expedient while the block of flats was not fully, or substantially fully let, owing to the conditions prevailing . . . I am satisfied that the promise was understood by all parties only to apply under the

Children's Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Children's Analysis - Case Study Example That is, systems that rely on perfect performance by individuals to prevent errors are doomed to fail. Healthcare persons typically react to a specific accident by focusing on the error rather than attempting to understand the systematic cause and designing interventions that minimize if not altogether eliminate the occurrence of such errors. Medication errors are the most common preventable cause of adverse events. Early detection and constant reporting of such errors is crucial, particularly in hospitals, where systems for detecting adverse drug reactions and medication errors can save lives, money, and legal problems. A well kept log for such errors enables the experts to design strategies for their prevention, which is usually the better option, rather than a post scenario cure. Administrative, organizational, educative reforms as well as software controlled electronic systems can be designed after the evaluation of logs of such errors, which can prevent their occurrence in futur e. The medical literature today is rich enough and easily accessible for a medical professional in any capacity, to update their knowledge and look for preventive solutions in case of any doubt while administering their art. A proper coordination of medical staff and availability of ready consultation at the time of need can go a long way in preventing medical errors and accidents. The incident of an overdose of morphine in case of a ten-year old boy named Matthew at Children’s Hospital in Minneapolis illustrates a system error, which could have resulted in fatal consequences if it had not been addressed and handled in a practical manner reflecting evidence-based practice. The case described a pediatric patient of stable condition who has been transferred from the intensive care unit to the medical/surgical unit with an order for a continuous morphine drip. Upon set-up of the

So You Think You Are Going to Live Forever Essay Example for Free

So You Think You Are Going to Live Forever Essay Everyone thinks that none of the stories they hear will happen to them. They think they are invincible. â€Å"So You Think You Are Going to Live Forever? † is a presentation by Officer Pete Collins to a group of high school students. It was taken in 1990 to lower the level of those who drink and drive. Sadly, the rate of drinking has gone up. In this essay, it will explain what beer commercials don’t. Alcohol is advertized every day. They are the leading category in commercial advertisements today. However, there is so many things alcohol and beer advertisements don’t mention. Like the many lives it has take, young and old, or how it robs yourself of your own decisions. When alcohol is running through one’s bloodstream it paralyzes their ability to make decisions for themselves. Alcohol robs the bloodstream of oxygen. Your body and brain need lots of oxygen to function properly. The lack of oxygen results in speech and behavioral changes. They cannot think for themselves. Imagine you can’t think and you mix that with driving. The consequences are extreme. People think that if they don’t drink they are safe. That is tremendously wrong. You have the same chances of getting in a wreck when you are not drunk then when you are. There has already been 244 deaths due to drunk driving just this year. Drinking affects every one of us, regardless of whether we chose to drink or not. You probably were not drinking, but the reckless driver that crashed into you was. Other peoples actions and chooses affect you just as much as your own chooses affect you. One person is killed every half hour due to drunk driving. Each year approximately 16,000 are killed. Alcohol is a factor in almost half of all traffic fatalities. Every other minute a person is seriously injured in an alcohol related crash. YOU can prevent this by just not drinking while driving. That is why everyone should help spread the word to not drink and drive. You never know, it might even save our life and also your loved ones. When Officer Collins first walked on and started talking, I was like â€Å"Great another video teaching us not to drink and drive. † However, after the video ended I was so affected by the stories of the many that dies; I decided I would make a chose to never drink and drive. People don’t understand the risk they are putting on their lives and on everybody else’s life on the read. If people understood, they wouldn’t even think twice about getting into a car when they are drunk. They think they are invincible, like nothing will happen to them. Their friends are by their side, drinking and having a good time. They pressure you into drinking, even though you know you have to drive that night. You think they are true friends that they’ll be by your side forever. However, when you are covered in glass, you know you were wrong. Your friends won’t be there. â€Å"You’ll die all alone† were the exact words of Officer Collins. Do not drink and drive, no matter what the circumstances are. It is only human nature to think that nothing will happen to you. We are raised hearing so many stories that have never happened to us and we think they never will. Nevertheless, when we make the bad chooses, they most definitely happen. Officer Pete Collins experienced things that a human being should never have to ever experience. Every single one of us can prevent the deaths of car accidents if we chose not to drink and drive. Do not be fooled by the beer commercials. For they only tell you what they want you to hear. Do not drink and drive, no matter what. If you survived once, you won’t be so lucky the next time.

Evolution of Human Sexuality Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Human Sexuality Essay What is the difference between sex and sexuality? Over the years human sexuality has been a debate that has never been won. Each and every day there are person who expresses their sexuality differently and others considered them to be taboo. Perfect by nature that’s what we ought to be but because of self indulgence with choice we have developed sexuality. According to Gainor sex is refer to as the person’s biological status and it is typically categorized as male, female or intersex. Then what is sexuality? Has sexuality given us our gender identity and sexual orientation? Thus I will expound on the history of sexuality and how it has evolved. As early as the populations of the Hebrews sex was vital to their lively hood. The Hebrews considered the act of sex the bond to a monogamy relationship; one man, one wife according to Rabbi Tulushkin; but if a woman was childless or developed an abnormality such as a boil would lead to the grounds of divorce which rarely happened. They also thought that sex was the ‘divine injunction’ of procreation thus homosexuality was strongly disapproved of. They believed that marital bonds would be strengthened the heterosexual relationships and create a strong bond for the family. Although they had clear preference for monogamy relationship, polygamy was permissible. On the other hand many cultures such as the ancient Greeks normalized or promoted homosexuality among the adult males who were soldiers and older males with male youths; usually teenagers, entering into pedagogic friendships or love affairs that also had an erotic dimension. If sexual, the relationship lasted until the youth was ready for adulthood and marriage therefore, it was not suppose to threaten the institution of the family. Women had no status or rights than slaves in their society only giving them a job as concubines or house wives; they were treated like chattels. Beastality and Sadism were practiced of the world of ancient Rome. These sexual acts were only found among men of hierarchy. Although bestiality and sadism were accepted in their era, homosexuality was considered to be a threat to the family. After the crucifixion of Christ, Christians thought that masturbation and prostitution were sinful. Sexual pleasure even within the marriage was considered to be a sinful act from the days of Eve and Adam. According to Saint Augustine sexual lust ,shame and sexual intercourse during marriage were passed down from Adam and Eve were considered to be inherently evil therefore the only way they could have salvation was through celibacy. Hence, Christians recognize sex for procreation and not for self satisfaction. The Bible is considered to be the oldest book made by man and inspired by god but within the Indian culture the Kama Sutra was held has the bible of sexual pleasure. It gave a descriptions of ways in which a man or a female can seduced their partner and get them sexually aroused. They considered sex a spiritual gift that god gave them to expressed themselves. The Chinese also saw the act to be spiritual and was anything but sinful. The man is suppose to absorb more of his wife natural essence ‘yin’ and to bring his wife to orgasm which is used as a channel for the flow of energy and enhance his own masculine essence ‘yang’. As the world got revolutionized the conception of sex and sexuality changed drastically. During this time women got the opportunity to be liberated to vote and attend academic studies. Most religious practices became oblivious. Many Christians have adopted the view that there is no sin whatsoever in the uninhibited enjoyment of marital relationships One factor in the change of values pertaining to sexual activities was the improvement of the technologies. Technology became the mastermind of our social and emotional behaviors in our everyday life . Instances, masturbation has been seen as the norm in our society especially with pornography being so rampant. This affects the enjoyment of sex as the actual act being replaced by virtual reality. In most developing countries, fear of epidemic has drastically changed many aspects of twentieth century human sexuality. Fear of contracting AIDS and other sexual transmitted diseases has driven a revolution in educating person about sex which now centers far more the use of protection and abstinence. Bestiality remains illegal in most countries and condoned in none. Thus anyone carrying out this kind of practice will be subjected to punishment. This good gift of sex has been perverted and corrupted in our secular world, which is why it is such a struggle for most persons. The idea of including the perfection of one’s self in the realm of moral behavior is appealing. Indeed, I believe this to be the core purpose of human existence. Although, there are medieval practices still been carried out today most customs that were seen then are considered to be taboo and non-religious. Human behavior has changed in many ways than one but the understanding of human identity is still being questioned.

Theories Of The Term Structure Of Interest Rates Finance Essay

Theories Of The Term Structure Of Interest Rates Finance Essay This coursework explains what information does term structure of interest rate gives to finance executives while analyzing project. Term Structure of interest rate is important in formulating investment decisions. Term structure of interest rate compares the market yield (Saunders Cornett, 2003, p. 190). The shape of the yield curve reflects the markets future expectation of the interest rate. Thus, the term structure is important for a finance executive, because they believe that interest rate across time tells about the markets expectation of future events (John Cox et al, 1985). Also, the behaviour of term structure impacts monetary policy (Marvin, 1998), economic activity (Dotsey, 1998) and inflation. By having understanding the term structure will help them to extricate information and predict how variables such as interest rates, maturity will affect the yield curve. Thus, helps them to take investment decision in order to generate future capital gain and cash flow. This coursework will first discuss about interest rate, yield in context of term structure of interest rate. Next section critically assesses the four different theories of term structure and what information do these theories have. In conclusion, importance of interest rate to finance executive is portrayed and validity of which theory holds good in todays market is discussed. Interest rates, Yield curves and Term Structure of Interest rates The main component of term structure is prices, Interest rates and time (term). Interest rates are important to understand because all the financial instruments are sensitive to interest rates. Financial executive invest in the projects depending on alternative options and cost of capital which depends on interest rates. One of the major concerns in making investment decision is uncertainty about the future capital/ rewards from the investment. Finance executives have to take decision in the unstable economic environment where the information comes gradually, so knowing term structure interest rate helps them to decide whether to invest and when to invest (Dias Shacklenton, 2005). Interest rate change with time due to risk, inflation, and also depends on variables such as tax, term of maturity. Term Structure of interest rate i.e. Yield curve is analysis tool of different interest rates of bonds or securities with different term of maturity (Marvin, 1998). Why to understand yield curves? The yield to maturity is quantified as the rate of return that mathematically equates the fixed payment stream to the bonds current market price. The yield to maturity cannot be easily calculated, so it must be analysed through trial and error method. Yield to maturity is same as internal rate of return (McInish, 2000). Finance executives are concerned with the internal rate of return the project will generate. Term structure is relation between different yields. This section first explains about yields and their importance and then assesses theories of term structure of interest rates. There are three yield curves: upward sloping, downward sloping and flat. If the yield curve is upward sloping it means that long term rates are above short term rates. As depicted in the figure, it has positive slope means that finance executive expects the economy to grow in future (Mishkin, 1990). As economy will grow it will lead to increase in inflation rates. With the rise in the inflation rate, central bank with tighten the monetary policy to control the inflation rate (Marvin, 1998). This generates the risk for uncertainty in inflation rate and to future value of cash flows. If the yield curve is downward sloping it means that long term rates are below short term rates (Mishkin, 2006).It means that finance executive expects interest rates and economy to fall. Tight monetary policy could lead long term rates to be lower than short term rates. If the yield curve is flat means that long term rates are equal to short term rates. Term structure of interest rate is defined as relation between interest rate and yield curve for default free securities having different maturity (John Cox et al, 1985). Term structure of interest rate is the correlation between different yields of financial instruments with same risk, tax but different maturity (Saunders Cornett, 2003). The term-structure model mainly analyses the expectations channels and the interest rate. While taking decision, the IRR (Internal rate of return) of the projects needs comparison with the opportunity cost of capital. But often the long run and short run interest rate/opportunity costs differs. And both cash flow and cost of capital include the inflation. Below theories of term structure of interest rates helps finance executives to understand expected inflation and interest rates. Theories of term structure of interest rates There are four theories namely expectation theory, market segment theory, liquidity preference theory and preferred habitat theory that explains the shape of yield curve (Saunders Cornett, 2003, p. 190). Expectation Theory John Hickss (1939) expectation theory suggests that expectation, of the investors in the market, about the future interest rate determine the term structure of interest rates and these expectations could affect the economic growth (Russell, 1992). This theory assumes that bonds with different maturities are perfect substitutes. Buyers will not prefer bond for which expected return is less than the expected return of another bond. Inflation and interest rate risk are not considered in this theory (Mishkin, 2006). According to this theory, expected return of the long term rates are average of short term rates. It means there is no uncertainty in expected rate of return over the holding period as return is same for all the securities over the holding period (Mishkin, 2006). Expectation theory proves that two facts, first, Interest rate for different maturities move together over the time and second Yields on short-term bond more volatile than yields on long-term bonds (Mishkin, 2006). Yield curve is based on market expectation. If the finance executives expect that the short term rates will be 10% in next 3 years, then interest rate on 3-year bond will also be 10%. For finance executive opportunity will be less because the yield curve will be flat as current long term rate is equal to current short term rate. This imply that movement of short term rates and long term rates can be predicted and if the yield curve is sloping upward then future interest rate will increase and if curve is sloping downwards then future interest rate will decrease (Russell, 1992). If the short term rates are high, yield curve will be downward sloping. Yield curve will be expected to be upward sloping if short term rates are low  [1]  . Hence this theory doesnt prove why the yield curve is usually upward sloping (Mishkin, 2006). As per this theory, finance executives are assumed to be investing in efficient market and with less transaction cost. Thus, Yield curve is determined by the short term interest rates and by uncertainty in the accuracy of their expectation. Liquid preference theory As the expectancy theory doesnt completely explain the term structure i.e. current rates are not perfect predictor of future interest rates (Saunders Cornett, 2003), this theory is an extension of the expectancy theory i.e. it gives some importance to the expected future rates but give more importance to the risk preference of the finance executives or investors (Mishkin, 2006). If the market is uncertain then finance executive will make decision based on capital gain/loss, revenue generated (Kessel, 1965). This decision will be based on their willingness to take risk. Risk  [2]  causes the interest rates to be greater than the expected rates and this amount increases with the maturity. Long term interest rate includes the expected rates and premium for holding long term rates bond. This premium is known as liquidity premium (Mishkin, 2006), which is compensation to the finance executives or investors for holding long term securities. The theory assumes that bonds are substitutes but not perfect substitutes .Short term rates are of lower inflation and low interest rate risks (Mishkin, 2006). Investor prefers short term rates (Keynesian view) and hence be given premium for long term rates. Long rates will be less volatile as it is the average of the short term rates and risk premium will increase with the maturity, thus, yield curve will be upward sloping (Kessel, 1965). With the increase in the maturity, sensitivity to capital loss increases with decreasing rate (Saunders Cornett, 2003). Investor prefers short term rates as it is less prone to capital loss. It doesnt mean that they are risk averse; they may be unwilling to take the risk due to economic activity. As mentioned above, risk premium will increase with the term of maturity, upward sloping yield curve may reflect the expectation of investor that future short term rates will rise and therefore, the yield curve will also increase with the term to maturity (Saunders Cornett, 2003). Segmented market theory This Theory assumes that credit markets are segmented (Shelile, 2006). Investor has preference for specific maturity bonds and hence the market for these bonds are separated based on their maturity. This means that longer interest rate securities are completely different asset when compared to short term interest rate securities (Mishkin, 2006). As per this theory, Investors decide which term securities they want to hold. They dont prefer to change the market segment to take the advantage of the changing yields in other segment (Saunders Cornett, 2003). Investor preference depends on the asset and liability they hold. For example bank prefers short term interest rate due to their deposit liabilities and insurance company prefers long term interest rate due to their contractual liabilities. Thus, Demand and supply for particular securities, with in particular segment, determine the interest rates (Howells and Bain, 1998). This theory explains the fact 3 why the yield curves are usually upward sloping and assumes that Investor prefers liquid portfolio. Thus they prefer short term securities. Bonds/securities with shorter period have low risk and lower inflation, means yield will be lower and yield on long term bond will be higher (Shelile, 2006). This proves the fact that yield curve is usually upward sloping. However, as the market for the bond is segmented, it fails to prove why the yields of different term move together (Mishkin, 2006). Preferred habitat theory Moldigliani and Sutch (1966) recognised the limitation of market segment theory and gave preferred habitat theory, which is a combination of both expected theory and market segment theory. According to Mishkin, preferred habitat theory is closely related to liquidity premium theory. Preferred habitat investors invest in their preferred maturities and do not invest in across market segment. Movement in yield of different maturity has no effect in demand by preferred habitat (Doh, 2010). Finance executives will invest in outside of preferred maturity if they are compensated by higher expected return or term premium (Howells and Bain, 1998). Finance executives consider both expected return and maturity. However, understanding of determinant of term premium is difficult (John Cox et al, 1985). Below chart shows that there is close relationship between the risk premium and the yield curve. If risk premium is positive then yield curve tend to be upward sloping and vice versa. This proves that investor/ finance executives expect interest rate to rise when yield curve is upward sloping and require positive risk premium to compensate for future capital losses (Christopher Peacock, 2004) Source: Christopher Peacock, 2004, Bank of England: Deriving a market-based measure of interest rate expectations Why to have understanding of different theories Term structure inform about the expectation of other investors in the market. Expectation of other market investor will influence the current decision and these decisions will determine what will happen in the future. Thus knowledge of other market investor is helpful in determining the future forecast (Russell, 1992) Theories explain that changes in short term rates will affect long term rates. Short term rates have direct effect on long term interest rates and finance executive are concerned majorly with the long term interest rates as it help them to make the decisions about investments (Russell, 1992) Monetary policy has direct effect on short term rates. Fama (1990) and Mishkin (1990) study shows that term spread gives information about the future macroeconomic variables such as inflation. To control the inflation central bank tightens the monetary policy and tightening leads to rise in short term interest rates. These theories predict about the economic activity and to know about the economic activity is important as this will help in forecasting, budgeting and meeting the future demand (Dotsey, 1998). Investor/ financial executives are forward looking and thus yield spread between short term and long term interest rate predicts the future economic activity (Watson, 1989). However, 1990-91 economic downturn was not predicted by these theories. But later studies by Estrella and Mishkin (1997, 1998) determined that spread contain the significant amount of information about the future economic activity. Their conclusion was supported by Dueker (1997) and Plosser and Rouwenhorst (1994) studies. CONCLUSION Which Theory is most appropriate? The Liquidity Preference hypothesis, the Preferred Habitat hypothesis, and the Market Segmentation hypothesis all depend on an analysis of investor and firm preferences under certainty to conclude about the term structure premium under uncertainty. Liquidity Preference hypothesis suggests that it is the nature of risk aversion which mostly causes the forward rate to be far greater than the expected future rate. This view has been criticized for overtly emphasising on capital-value risk as opposed to income risk. Someone who wants future flow of income could simply make a long term investment and stay unconcerned about variations in interest rate, also for them, a yield premium might be necessary to induce them to hold shorter term structure. Preferred habitat theory advocates that due to variation in individuals notion of saving and investment, different investor would be view the investment risk differently. Preferred Habitat Theory is the most consistent theory to analyse daily changes in the term structure. However, in the long run, expectations of future interest rates and liquidity premiums are vital elements of the shape and position of the yield curve. Why should finances executive have understanding of term structure of interest rate? While analyzing project proposals, the finance executives obviously expect stable cash flow or income generation for companys economic viability. As discussed above, the term structure of interest rate predicts the economic condition. So, instead of erratic cash flows of increasing flow in one cycle and decreasing in another, they expect stable value for their money. Hence, future growth can be forecasted by the term structure of the interest rates. While borrowing money for investments, both assets and liabilities are at interest rate risk. If liabilities have greater risk than assets, then there is a risk that an increase in interest rate might result in financial ruin. Financial executives can alter the risk by their choice of duration of portfolios. Risk aversion, investment alternatives, anticipations and preferences about the timing of investment all have a vital role in determining the term structure. Therefore, Finance executives should have good understanding of term structure. REFERENCES Cox, John C., J. E. Ingersoll, and S. A. Ross (1985). A Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. Econometrica, 53, P. 385-408 Christopher Peacock, 2004. Deriving a market-based measure of interest rate expectations. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin: Summer 2004. P. 142- 152 Dias, J. c., Shacklenton, M. B. (2005). Investment hysteresis under stochastic interest rates. Dotsey, Michael (1998). The Predictive Content of the Interest Rate Term Spread for Future Economic Growth, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly. Fama, E.F. (1990): Term-structure forecasts of interest rates, inflation and real returns. Journal of Monetary Economics, 25 (1), January, P. 59-76. Goodfriend, Marvin. Using the Term Structure of Interest Rates for Monetary Policy. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly Volume 84/3 Summer 1998 Hicks, John R., 1939, Value and capital, Reprinted 1968 (Oxford University Press, New York). HOWELLS, P. and BAIN, K., 1998. The Economics of Money, Banking and Finance, A European Text. Essex, England. Pearson Educational Limited. Jorion, P. and F. Mishkin (1991): A multicountry comparison of term-structure forecasts at long horizons. Journal of Financial Economics, 29 (1), March, pp. 59-80. Kessel, R. A. (1965). WHY LIQUIDITY PREFERENCE EXISTS. In The Cyclical Behavior of the Term Structure of Interest (pp. 44 58). National Bureau of Economic Research. Modigliani. F., and R. Sutch: Innovations in Interest rate policy, American Economic Review, 56(1966), P. 178-197 Mishkin, F. (2006). Money, Banking, and Financial. Pearson. McInish, Thomas H., 2000, Capital Markets: A Global Perspective. Oxford: Blackwell. Russell, S. (1992). Understanding the Term Structure of Interest Rates: The Expectations Theory. 36-50. Saunders, A., Cornett, M. M. (2003). Financial Institution Management. McGraw Hill. Taeyoung Doh , 2010. The efficacy of large scale asset purchase at the zero lower bound, Economic review, second quarter. Watson, M. , Stock, J., New Indices of Coincident and Leading Indicators, In O. Blanchard and S. Fischer ed. NBER Macroeconomic Annual, Cambridge, MIT Press.1989.

am i? :: essays research papers

Socrates was a very simple man who did not have many material possessions and spoke in a plain, conversational manner. Socrates often engaged in conversations with people who claimed to be â€Å"experts†. He would question them on issues that, if they were the â€Å"experts† they claimed to be they would have the correct answer in seconds. Socrates often made these â€Å"experts† look quite foolish when he would prove them wrong in front of many other citizens. Plato’s Euthyphro is about one day when Socrates was on his way to the courthouse he ran into Euthyphro (a young Athenian priest). Socrates began a discussion with Euthyphro about the definition of holiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When asked about the definition of holiness, Euthyphro give Socrates three definitions and Socrates was able to prove all three of them to be wrong. The first was that holiness was the life that Euthyphro lived. Socrates disputed this definition stating that even though the life that Euthyphro lived was holy, it was not the definition of holiness (if it was the exact definition then only Euthyphro would be holy). Next Euthyphro says that holiness is found in what is dear to the gods. Socrates shoots this definition down because this definition is not distinct, the Greek gods were somewhat humanlike, what was holy to one god might be despised by the next. The third and finally definition Euthyphro offers Socrates is, â€Å"what is holy is loved by the gods†. However Euthyphro can’t answer weather something is holy because it is loved, or loved because it is holy, making this final definition unjust. All of Euthyphro’s definitions are examples o f holiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During Plato’s Apology, Socrates reveals his definition of holiness to a courtroom full of jurors. Socrates explains that holiness is serving the gods by serving other using ones abilities no matter what the consequence: and to know what is right is to do what is right. Socrates definition is just and universal. It does not single anyone out to be more holy then anyone else and allows anyone to be holy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that Socrates’ definition of holiness is very reasonable because it covers every aspect. am i? :: essays research papers Socrates was a very simple man who did not have many material possessions and spoke in a plain, conversational manner. Socrates often engaged in conversations with people who claimed to be â€Å"experts†. He would question them on issues that, if they were the â€Å"experts† they claimed to be they would have the correct answer in seconds. Socrates often made these â€Å"experts† look quite foolish when he would prove them wrong in front of many other citizens. Plato’s Euthyphro is about one day when Socrates was on his way to the courthouse he ran into Euthyphro (a young Athenian priest). Socrates began a discussion with Euthyphro about the definition of holiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When asked about the definition of holiness, Euthyphro give Socrates three definitions and Socrates was able to prove all three of them to be wrong. The first was that holiness was the life that Euthyphro lived. Socrates disputed this definition stating that even though the life that Euthyphro lived was holy, it was not the definition of holiness (if it was the exact definition then only Euthyphro would be holy). Next Euthyphro says that holiness is found in what is dear to the gods. Socrates shoots this definition down because this definition is not distinct, the Greek gods were somewhat humanlike, what was holy to one god might be despised by the next. The third and finally definition Euthyphro offers Socrates is, â€Å"what is holy is loved by the gods†. However Euthyphro can’t answer weather something is holy because it is loved, or loved because it is holy, making this final definition unjust. All of Euthyphro’s definitions are examples o f holiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During Plato’s Apology, Socrates reveals his definition of holiness to a courtroom full of jurors. Socrates explains that holiness is serving the gods by serving other using ones abilities no matter what the consequence: and to know what is right is to do what is right. Socrates definition is just and universal. It does not single anyone out to be more holy then anyone else and allows anyone to be holy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that Socrates’ definition of holiness is very reasonable because it covers every aspect.

The Human Brain :: Biology

â€Å"The human brain enables a person to reason, function intellectually, express personality and mood, and interact with the environment† (Sugerman, 2008, p. 277). Our brain is truly remarkable. Considering how much we still do not know about the brain just goes to show how complex and amazing the brain is. No other organ is like the brain and all other organs would be unable to function without the brain. â€Å"The three major divisions of the brain are (1) the forebrain, formed by the two cerebral hemispheres; (2) the midbrain which, includes the corpora quadrigemina and cerebral peduncles; and (3) the hindbrain, which includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla† (Sugerman, 2008, p. 277). First off the brain stem is made up of the midbrain, medulla and pons, these connect the hemispheres of the brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord (Sugerman, 2008, p. 277). The brain stem is made up of nerve bodies called reticular formation, which is in charge of some of the mos t vital operations of the body, cardiovascular and respiration functions (Sugerman, 2008, p. 277). These two functions are done involuntarily each day. We do not need to think about breathing every few seconds or make our heart beat constantly. This process keeps us awake also. Different nuclei are responsible for different motor functions accordingly (Sugerman, 2008, p. 278). â€Å"The cerebellum is composed of gray and white matter, and its cortical surface is convoluted like the surface of the cerebrum. It is also divided by a central fissure into two lobes connected by vermis† (Sugerman, 2008, 284). The cerebellum has many functions, it is in charge of reflexes, involuntary fine-tuning of motor control and for maintaining balance and posture through extensive neural connections with the medulla (Sugerman, 2008, 284). The little brain or cerebellum, â€Å"receives information from the balance system of the inner ear, sensory nerves, and the auditory and visual systems. It is involved in the coordination of motor movements as well as basic facets of memory and learning, homeostatic control,†. The diencephalon has four major parts: epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus. The thalamus is in charge of â€Å"relaying the cerebral cortex information received from diverse brain regions...Axons from every sensory system (except olfaction) synapse here as the last relay site before the information reaches the cerebral cortex† (Sci.uidaho, n.d., para. 2,3). The thalamus surrounds the third ventricle, it allows many sensations to be perceived (Sugerman, 2008, 283).

Genetic Engineering: The History of Gene Therapy Essay -- Expository E

The History of Gene Therapy In today’s society, the demand for perfection is strong. Imagine the possibility that you could choose the traits your child would possess. As technology increases, eventually humans could be able to create the ‘perfect’ child, with a ‘perfect’ behavior by replacing one gene with another. Vision the possibility that diseased or mutated genes could be replaced, ridding the world of hereditary diseases. In order to do this, technology must be increased in the area of gene therapy. Gene therapy has come a long way in its short existence. Genetic enhancement of humans may someday be possible, following the successful completion of the Human Genome Project. According to an article in New Statesman (v. 127) by Caroline Daniel, the Human Genome Project is an ‘international scientific collaboration’. The project was started in 1990. More than two billion Pounds, was funded by the European public. The United States is the main country in favor of this research. Organizations such as the National Institute of health and the US Department of Energy are among those in favor. Though this research might sound promising and exciting, much more needs to be learned about genes and the composition of DNA. DNA is a double helix with nearly three billion chemical letters of genetic text, located in more than one hundred thousand different genes. The difficult part is not identifying each individual gene, but rather to figure out how each gene works, their reactions to disease and response to the environment. The Human Genome Project’s goal is to sequence every human gene before the year 2005, and surprisingly it is right on schedule. In late 1997 50,000 genes had been mapped. Originally, the th... ...t all. In closing, though the science of gene therapy has only been around for just more than a decade much progress has been made. Through this research, helpful information about genes and diseases, what links them, and how to cure them, is being uncovered. As long as gene therapy is used solely for the purpose of curing disease, or helping the overall health of mankind, then I am not against it. This is a new technology that someday could help extend the average life span of human beings. Man-kind could really benefit from this research. As the days pass, we are making progress in this field. Only time can tell when genetic disorders will be unheard of. Works Cited Adelman, Ken. â€Å"Changing who we are.† Washingtonian v. 35 no. 11 (2000): 25-28. Daniel, Caroline. â€Å"Human Genetics: the dinner-party guide.† New Statesman v. 127 (1998): page 30.

Consumer Traits and Behaviors Essay

Consumer behavior involves the psychological processes that consumers go through in recognizing needs, finding ways to solve these needs, making purchase decisions (e.g., whether or not to purchase a product and, if so, which brand and where), interpret information, make plans, and implement these plans (e.g., by engaging in comparison shopping or actually purchasing a product). Companies to determine the best, and useful marketing of their product and services must study consumer traits and behaviors. By doing this extensive research, companies are sure to develop marketing plans directly aimed to the customer base they would like to attract. Sources of influence on the consumer. The consumer faces numerous sources of influence. Often, we take cultural influences for granted, but they are significant. An American will usually not bargain with a storeowner. This, however, is a common practice in much of the World. The cultural influence can also impact the actual things people feel are needs versus wants. The American culture, unfortunately is a greedy culture that can at times take for granted the fact that all of their needs are met and often times confuse them with their wants. The cultural impact makes a fancy new sports car a need when there are children in third world countries that need food and water. Physical factors also influence our behavior. We are more likely to buy a soft drink when we are thirsty, for example, and food manufacturers have found that it is more effective to advertise their products on the radio in the late afternoon when people are getting hungry. There are also documented instances where a person’s obsessive want of an it em can physically make a person ill when they cannot have them. A person’s self-image will also tend to influence what he or she will buy—an upwardly mobile manager may buy a flashy car to project an image  of success. Self image issues can also be closely related into cultural issues we all can face also, leading consumers to adopt an image of beauty that is not obtainable such as larger women developing a complex to become super model thin, and in return cause people to develop self hate towards the things about themselves and others that cannot be changed. Often times a person’s self worth is measured in the things they have versus the content of who they are on the inside. Social factors also influence what the consumers buy—often, consumers seek to imitate others whom they admire, and may buy the same brands. The social environment can include both the mainstream culture (e.g., Americans are more likely to have corn flakes or ham and eggs for breakfast than to have rice, which is preferred in many Asian countrie s) and a subculture (e.g., rap music often appeals to a segment within the population that seeks to distinguish itself from the mainstream population). Thus, sneaker manufacturers are eager to have their products worn by admired athletes. Something as simple as a Facebook like can take a product from obscurity to relevancy just like being listed on Oprah’s favorite things. Finally, consumer behavior is influenced by learning—you try a hamburger and learn that it satisfies your hunger and tastes good, and the next time you are hungry, you may consider another hamburger. We are also a culture of people to purchase the things that our family customarily purchased our band loyalty can be passed down from generation to generation. Consumer Choice and Decision Making: Problem Recognition. One model of consumer decision-making involves several steps. The first one is problem recognition—you realize that something is not as it should be. Perhaps, for example, your car is getting more difficult to start and is not accelerating well. The second step is information search—what are some alternative ways of solving the problem? You might buy a new car, buy a used car, take your car in for repair, ride the bus, ride a taxi, or ride a skateboard to work. The third step involves evaluation of alternatives. A skateboard is inexpensive, but may be ill suited for long distances and for rainy days. Finally, we have the purchase stage, and sometimes a post-purchase stage (e.g., you return a product to the store because you did not find it satisfactory). In reality, people may go back and forth between the stages. For example, a person may resume alternative identification during while evaluating already known alternatives. Consumer  involvement will tend to vary dramatically depending on the type of product. In general, consumer involvement will be higher for products that are very expensive (e.g., a home, a car) or are highly significant in the consumer’s life in some other way (e.g., a word processing prog ram or acne medication). It is important to consider the consumer’s motivation for buying products. To achieve this goal, we can use the Means-End chain, wherein we consider a logical progression of consequences of product use that eventually lead to desired end benefit. Thus, for example, a consumer may see that a car has a large engine, leading to fast acceleration, leading to a feeling of performance, leading to a feeling of power, which ultimately improves the consumer’s self-esteem. A handgun may aim bullets with precision, which enables the user to kill an intruder, which means that the intruder will not be able to harm the consumer’s family, which achieves the desired end-state of security. In advertising, it is important to portray the desired end-states. Focusing on the large motor will do less good than portraying a successful person driving the car. Attitudes Consumer attitudes are a composite of a consumer’s (1) beliefs about, (2) feelings about, (3) and behavioral intentions toward some â€Å"object†Ã¢â‚¬â€within the context of marketing, usually a brand, product category, or retail store. These components are viewed together since they are highly interdependent and together represent forces that influence how the consumer will react to the object Consumer attitudes are both an obstacle and an advantage to a marketer. Choosing to discount or ignore consumers’ attitudes of a particular product or service—while developing a marketing strategy—guarantees limited success of a campaign. In contrast, perceptive marketers leverage their understanding of attitudes to predict the behavior of consumers. These savvy marketers know exactly how to distinguish the differences between beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors while leveraging all three in the development of marketing strategies. beliefs or feelings toward a product or service. A behavioral intention is defined by the consumer’s belief or feeling with respect to the product or service. The cellular phone industry is one of the rare bright spots in Asian business (Roberts, 1998). China’s cell phone market has increased at an annual growth rate of 80% since 1990 (Statistics of CMII, 2005). In 2001, China’s cell phone market  grew into 130 million users, exceeding the U.S.’s market for the first time An attitude in marketing terms is defined as a general evaluation of a product or service formed over time (Solomon, 2008). An attitude satisfies a personal motive—and at the same time, affects the shopping and buying habits of consumers. Dr. Lars Perner (2010) defines consumer attitude simply as a composite of a consumer’s beliefs, feelings, and behavioral intentions toward some object within the context of marketing. A consumer can hold negative or positive (Robertson, 2001). Chinese cell phone user population reached 335 million (25% of the total Chinese population), 65 million more than 2003 (Statistics of CMII, 2005). Social and Cultural Settings Influence Consumer Behavior The study of consumers helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as how the psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives (e.g., brands, products, and retailers). The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e.g., culture, family, signs, media); The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions; Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome; How consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer; and How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. Consumers Interpret Marketing Messages Differently Consumers’ interpretations of advertising messages have long been an important and controversial topic in advertising research (Jacoby and Hoyer 1982a, 1982b, 1987; Mick 1988b; Russo, Metcalf, and Stephens 1981; Shimp and Preston 1981). [The terms comprehension and interpretation are used interchangeably here. Readers who question the synonymy of those terms are also likely to believe that denotation and connotation are separate constructs- -likely because they associate comprehension with denotation and interpretation with connotation. This article seeks to defy the  denotation/connotation distinction with respect to advertising illustrations. Comprehension itself is conceptualized generally in this article from a level of processing perspective, specifically as a cue-induced spread of activation of semantic concepts (knowledge structures). Inference is the basic mechanism of this activation and also accounts for the meanings constructed as a function of bridging two alread y – activated concepts.] Historically, most empirical work has centered on consumers’ processing of linguistic information; recently, researchers have paid increased attention to nonlinguistic features (e.g., Childers and Houston 1984; Edell and Staelin 1983; Johnson, Zimmer, and Golden 1987; Richards and Zakia 1981; Rossiter and Percy 1980; Zakia 1986). Lengthy theoretical writings on visual communication in advertising have also appeared (Rossiter and Percy 1983). Despite this trend, few have actually studied the semiotic substance of consumers’ interpretations of advertising illustrations. For instance, Thematic Apperception Tests remain widespread in the advertising industry for Pretesting visual content. Yet, advertising scholars have exerted little effort to employ such semantic -unveiling methods to inform theory and assess propositions about consumers’ interpretations of nonverbal ad information. Conclusion In this document, we have been able to showcase the psychological processes and presented three social processes that impact and influence consumer behavior. As we explore the fabulous relationships between traits and behavior we can establish the marketing and tools that are needed to develop effective marketing strategies that will influence the way people buy the products that are purchased. Understanding these consumer traits and behaviors can make the company a very successful and profitable company. Understanding or a lack there of, this relationship between consumer traits and be the making or breaking of any corporation. This class and the training of being able to understand just how important it is to be able to interpret the messages that are being sent both to and from the consumer. References Retrieved From: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2571413 Retrieved From: http://www.marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-internal-influences-lifestyle-attitude.html Retrieved From: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/ (2011, 04). A Structural Equation Model of Perceived Price on Value Perceptions: a Consumer Psychology View. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 04, 2011, Retrieved From: http://www.studymode.com/essays/a-Structural-Equation-Model-Of-Perceived-6608

Anthropology interview

My uncle is the oldest son in his family. His name is Long Do and he is forty years old. He is a businessman and he owns the liquor store. Mr.. Long is a successful person in the family that everyone in the family admires him. He was born in Vietnam so he is Vietnamese. Mr.. Long came to America when he was twenty-one years old. His major was Business Administration and he went to De Anza College. He came to Northern California with his family and his siblings. HIS family and he was the first one that came to the United State.The reason they came here because they didn't want to live in Vietnam because the life over there was hard and deficient of all necessities. My uncle's father who is my grand father had to work for extremely hard and got poorly paid. His parents, my grandparents, decided to come here so that my uncle and his siblings could have a better life, better education to archive their goals easier. According to what my uncle said, † It was a difficult and tough tim e when I first come here. I didn't know any English and It was very hard for me to communicate with other people.Also he shared that he had to help his parents take care all the paperwork and take after his younger siblings since his siblings were very young back then. So he was the only one who was mature and knowledgeable enough to take care of the whole family. I can see that language is his first challenge that he has to overcome. Mr.. Long said that when they first come here they TLD have a lot of money so that everyone In the family had to work to make money. Mr.. Long had to work two Jobs and he had to go school at the same time. He started out with SSL class iris, then English class later on.He shared that it was a hard time when he first attended to college because at that time he didn't know any English and going to school was something that made him really scared of. He always nervous in his classes because he didn't understand what his teacher were saying and he totally lost In the class. At night, when he got home he always turned on the radio to listen to FM or AM, he tried to listen how American people talked and he learned from there. His parents and his siblings also had to go to the SSL classes as well because hey didn't know how to speak English at that time.He shared his tip to learn English that you should make friend with native speakers because you can learn very fast. His advice is also similar to what I did when I first came to America. I tried to make friend with native speaker so that I could learn English faster and it was really help me to Improve my English skill. HIS family and he also had to learn how to adapt to is freedom. Everyone has his or her own freedom in religion or politics. As time passed by, he gradually learned English very fast and he could speak and monomaniac with his teachers and friends in his classes more fluently.He says that the more difficulties that you go through in your life the more you become a stronge r and a better person and you will be successful in your life. They still keep in touch with people from Vietnam by phone and they go to Vietnam whenever they have a chance because they are now very busy with work. He said that he like talking to people from different ethic groups because he can learn new things from them. Even he used to suffer a hard time, he says that his life wouldn't be like this if his Emily and he stay in Vietnam.So being here is a better off for his family. They can earn money and help his relatives in Vietnam. The global process economic and politics have planed out in his family life. It was a wonderful time interviewing my uncle. I can see that he is a very successful man due mostly to his hardworking characteristics. I want to be like him and I have learned that there is nothing easy in life so I have to try hard in order to be successful like my uncle. The more you try the better off you will get later in your life.

Government Spending on Healthcare

Government Spending on Healthcare Talia Oliver 10/22/2012 HCS/440 Donna Lupinacci, MSN The article I read was written by Margaret Cuomo, M. D. and it focused on health care costs and how the government is doing unnecessary spending in health care. According to the article, the government has spent about $750 billion dollars on medical care that was not needed. Some of the areas where the author believes that the money has been wasted have been in unnecessary services, excessive administrative costs, inflated prices, prevention failures and fraud.The issue is that this spending is not actually contributing to the improvement of patient health. The author the author had stated that â€Å"Flaws in the current system of cancer treatment contribute to unnecessary spending† (Cuomo, 2012). There is so much money being spent on the blood tests, diagnostic scans and other medical procedures that deal with cancer and it is costing about $200 billion every year. With their being so much unnecessary spending on healthcare, Cuomo discussed how a group called the IOM committee was able to come up with ways in order to cut the spending and be able to continue to provide quality health service.Government Regulation on Media in AmericaThe article discusses that the IOM believes that â€Å"Eliminating wasteful spending for just one year ($750 billion) would be equal to more than 10 years of Medicare cuts† (Cuomo, 2012). This wasteful spending according to the article can’t continue to happen and it is important that we understand where the money is being spent and how the excessive spending can be changed. My opinion of the article is that there is too much money being spent by the government on healthcare that is not contributing to ensuring the improvement of patient health.When you look at the unnecessary medical care, there are services that are not needed but the money is being wasted when it could be spent somewhere else. Cancer is a serious issue and I believe it is important for patients to get assistance to help treat cancer. However, there are times that some patients are a bit paranoid and believe they have cancer and request tests to be sure. This is not necessary if the patient shows no signs of having cancer and the money can be saved. I believe that the article is very valid with saying that a lot of the spending is going to unnecessary things.The reason why I believe this is because there are those patients who are able to afford care and can’t get covered for care due to the fact that there is not enough funding available. The article is also valid in identifying ways that the unnecessary costs can be cut without disrupting the quality of care given to the patients. The ability to save money by cutting the unnecessary spending can help the money go to services like Medicare. I believe that the spending discussed in this article is way too much on unnecessary services that are not helping to improve patientâ€⠄¢s health.There is no reason that $750 billion is being wasted and it could go to services that can help those who can’t afford healthcare and those on Medicare. I believe that the government could focus that money on prevention methods that would help to avoid patients requiring more care. Prevention efforts are important and yet the government doesn’t invest enough money in it. The article had stated that recently â€Å"The House of Representatives voted 236 to 183 to repeal the Affordable health Care Act’s Prevention and Public Health Trust Fund† (Cuomo, 2012).Instead of trying to prevent the spending on unnecessary services and issues, repealing this act just ensures that there will be more costs to come due to the fact that prevention efforts are not being taken seriously. In conclusion, this article talked about the fact that a lot of the government spending on healthcare is being wasted on unnecessary services. The government is spending money on healthcare that can be cut in order to spend money where it is needed in healthcare.If the government focused more on being able to cut costs and provide quality care, $750 billion can go to Medicare services or even to state agencies that are trying to help uninsured patients get proper care. The government spending on healthcare should be spent on ensuring the improvement of patient’s health. References Cuomo, M. (2012, September 25). Margaret I. Cuomo, M. D. : The Truth About Health Care Costs. Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2012, from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/margaret-i-cuomo-md/health-care-costs_b_1901742. html

Discuss How the Passage Contributes to the Portrayl of Faustus as a Tragic Hero Essay

Discuss how the passage contributes to the portrayal of Faustus as a tragic hero, paying particular attention to Marlowe’s use of language. Marlowe uses language in the passage from Act Five, Scene One to portray Faustus as a tragic hero, his use of the techniques; enjambment, metaphors and rhythm show this portray. Marlowe uses enjambement to show Faustus as a tragic hero because he now regrets his choice to sell his soul this is shown in line 86-87, ‘whose sweet embracing may extinguish clean these thoughts that do dissuade me from my vow’ although Marlowe has written these as an attempt to blackmail Mephistopheles, the use of enjambement makes the line sound rushed which makes it sound more like a desperate plea thus showing how much Faustus regrets his decision, since this is near the end of the play this is suggesting that Faustus fears eternal suffering rather than actual remorse. Faustus asks for Helen to come to him to be his ‘paramour’ this suggests that Faustus is using his sexual desire in order to ‘shut out the truth that he cannot face’ again showing his fears of eternal suffering this shows Faustus as a tragic hero because he now regrets selling his soul to Lucifer and he can do nothing to stop his fate. Marlowe uses metaphors in order to show Faustus as a tragic hero as he shows Faustus’s desire to win back his soul even though he will not prevail. In line 95, ‘her lips suck forth my soul. See where it flies! shows Faustus desire to be free as flying is used as a connotation for freedom however the line also foreshadows the ending of the play as he is dragged in to hell, showing that Faustus is a tragic hero as he desires control over his soul again but will not be triumphant. The line 102-103 ‘yea I will wound Achilles in the heel and then return to Helen for a kiss’ is a metaphor used to show Faust us’s desire to win in the battle with Lucifer. Marlowe uses Achilles who had one weakness to show Faustus’s struggle and his desire to regain control of his soul in order to avoid eternal suffering thus depicting Faustus as a tragic hero. Marlowe uses rhythm of the play to show how quickly Faustus’s fate approaches him. In lines 98-99 Marlowe uses the image of a fast paced war to show Faustus will not win the battle for his soul ‘I will be Paris, and for love thee instead of Troy shall Wittenberg be sacked’ Faustus compares himself to Paris who was defeated in the battle of Troy, this foreshadows the ending of the play as it is Faustus who loses the battle for his conscience as it is now too late to repent. Marlowe also uses enjambement in this line to show the fast paced rhythm the way one line tumbles into the next shows time speeding up showing Faustus as a tragic hero. Marlowe uses certain techniques in language in order to portray Faustus as a tragic hero as he cannot change his fate even though he wishes to through enjambement, metaphors and rhythm.

The Varying Potentials and Learning Styles of the Students Research Paper - 173

The Varying Potentials and Learning Styles of the Students - Research Paper Example In the previous colloquy, it became evident that schools play a critical role in preparing students to become a part of society. The curriculum in schools facilitates the transmission of cultural values from one generation to the other. Therefore, schools promote the progression of society. Most importantly, schools play a critical role in promoting social values. Schools should also serve as avenues of preparing students for their future occupation. Experience-based learning, as well as child-centred learning, seeks to impart learners with life skills that they can use in the future. When schools focus on a child-centred approach, they can nurture the interests of children, ensuring that learners gain critical skills that can be beneficial to them in handling future challenges. A child-centred approach in school should seek to explore the potential of every student. Such an approach provides students with an opportunity to recognize the learning needs and interests. Teachers who ser ve as facilitators and coaches help children meet their learning needs. Students have diverse interests and potentials. Therefore, the instructional methods used in schools should consider the varying potentials and learning styles of the students. Teachers should ensure that there is maximized learning for each student ensuring that learners benefit from the curriculum. The debate on the child-centred approach has highlighted the potential benefits of identifying the needs of learners before designing the curriculum. Therefore, teachers should implement the planned curriculum with the purpose of influencing learners with new knowledge and skills (Posner, 2003).

The Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Lottery - Essay Example ear of the evil spirits.† The game of selective homicide begins and the main culprits get somewhat backing from the other villagers as if it were a status issue. Analyzing this â€Å"lottery†, Jackson describes the events of sacrifices and states, â€Å"It would seem, therefore, that the lottery is tied to the people’s work ethic and productive way of life.† (Jackson, 23) I could correlate this story with a real event in my locality. One day, police arrested a couple Mr. and Mrs. Gomes who lived in an apartment near our house. Later, we realized that Mr. Gomes had charges on him of physically abusing his stepdaughter. And to our horror, we also realized that Mrs. Gomes had supported her husband in doing this. Thus, instead of protesting, Mrs. Gomes took part in the exploitation of the poor girl. Maybe, this was an attempt on her part to maintain her status in the household and impress her husband, since he was the only earning member. â€Å"The Lottery† is actually a serious literary work that tries to discover why we sometimes form institutions and enjoy humiliating others through it. It is not merely a nice TV show script †¦ It provides a gateway towards complicated

Bio Ethics and Longevity Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bio Ethics and Longevity - Term Paper Example The idea of extending human lifespan has captivated scientists, philosophers and writers for a long time now. Moreover, ethicists have argued whether people should take a step to increase human longevity, which is not surprising. This is in consideration of the persistent media interest in research in to preventing or slowing ageing. Taking note of that, this paper will briefly summarize the ethical arguments that arose from this debate, with a focus on a recent case study on Life-extension and its effects on memory and learning (on worms). Finally, it will give a summary of critique of the case study as well as the personal opinion or ethical stand. 1. Summary Case study: Life-extension and its effect on memory and learning (on worms) The focus of the case study is on two methods to increase the longevity of various organisms - calorie restriction and alteration hormone insulin. It claims that research has shown that, reducing activity related to the insulin signal pathway impact lo ngevity positively. Several biological processes such as metabolism, development and stress response are triggered by the change of insulin signal pathway.1 A group of Biologists from Princeton recently found that, altering these mechanisms do also have some consequences on the organisms’ cognitive function and their research also revealed that calorie restriction and reduced insulin signaling is linked to reduced memory and learning as the organism grow old, which calls for development of a special treatment to avoid memory loss if people are to live longer. According to Coleen Murphy, longevity research works on the assumption that people who are able to live longer should have their bodies function equally well for the additional years. Collectively with her research team, they found out that calorie restriction had some severe effect on the lasting memory of C.elegans roundworms. To their surprise, the worms only suffered from impairment to long-term memory, but did not e ncounter any reduction in memory with age. Consequently, this means that gradual memory loss can be fought by calorie restrictions. On another front, the worms that were experimented with generic mutation reduced insulin active, signaling insulin activity. This experiment improved learning ability with age, but the worms were not secured from age-related reduction in long-term memory. These worms were used because their molecular mechanisms which governed these worms were alike to higher organism like mammals, and this has provided a promising hope for cognitive research on humans. Definition(s) Cognitive is based on or related to or involving reasoning or thinking, which is an activity of the mind. Indeed, Murphy’s team has done a tremendous job, but they have to be sure that it will apply to human beings as well and how they can overcome the reduction in learning and memory of these worms in question. The information that human’s genes are likened with those of C.ele gans, enabled treatment of negative cognitive alteration in relation to longevity extension of the worms, which is an answer to humans research. This study poses big questions. Will there be equity in access to this intervention once it is out? How does it impact our morality as human beings? Is the use of worms as having the same memory as human beings ethical? The following principles and academic papers try to take these questions into consideration. 2.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

History - Essay Example On the other hand, they too gained a lot from the revolution as well. This is actually due to the fact that they got an available opportunity to mix freely and get to know the other non-Jewish neighbors. The Jews also had an inner feeling of ultimate security due to the fact that they had tirelessly championed for the liberation of their country importantly, self with the entire unity of their Christian associates. Their major strength was bestowed in unity and most importantly, self confidence. These are the main features that they used in order to champion for their rights without false pretense and very much boldly (Mazur, 2012). The Jews majorly originated from virtually every country in Europe and the Middle East but most of them migrated from Eastern Europe and Germany. The major reason for migration from the Middle East, Europe, Eastern Europe and Germany was due to poverty, discriminations and massacres (Joseph, 1988). The first Jewish immigrants to Chicago came from the cent ral Europe and arrived in 1841. Most of the early Jewish settlers began as street peddlers and later opened stores that later developed into reknown companies such as Florsheim, Spiegel, Aldens, Mandel Brothers among others (Mazur, 2012). The civil war that occurred in America divided the Jews along various different lines (Mazur, 2012). It separated the Jews physically and ideologically, this is to say that there were Jews in the south of the country as well as the north of the country, others upheld slavery and human trafficking while the others rejected and fought against the vice. In the same manner, there were other Jews who worked hard to ensure that there was unity among the Jews whereas on the other hand others were struggling to ensure that the Jews were actively divided (Mazur, 2012). It is very much evident that the civil strife that occurred in America affected the Jews as well. Consequently, there are three characteristics of the struggle that had a different impact on the Jews specifically. To begin with, the civil strife led to an increase in panic and uncomfortability among the Jews. This later gave rise to increased racial and religious differences and biases in America. To make matters worse, the Jews both in the north and south of America, were made to bear the whole blame (Mazur, 2012) Secondly, the Jews were however adversely affected by the fact that the Jews in the North were denied the chance to have or to elect an army chaplain. Even though the task was not that easy, the Jews saw that they too had a say and hence wanted a representation on the same. According to the law that had been put in place and was functional at that moment, an army chaplain had to be, â€Å"a regularly ordained minister of some Christian denomination† this therefore made it very difficult for the Jews to qualify. The law however was seen to become that strenuous and even President Abraham Lincoln himself made an effort to re-strategize the clause in orde r to loosen its strenuous ends but his efforts did not bear instant fruits. Instead it took the Jews over one year of great job and hard work before the law was amended and passed successfully (Joseph, 1988). The Jews also suffered the consequences of the civil war through an operation that was far much against the Jewish officials. This is the final and the most

Drawing & CAD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drawing & CAD - Essay Example In my project, the major problem I faced was the right code to use. This is because AutoCAD is not that intuitive like other drafting programs. I was able to learn the commands and codes in the two main tool bars: draw, edit, and I were able to draw the commands for various parts after 2 to 3 weeks. On the other hand, a problem came about when I had to type the same line of code in different parts of the project, which proved to be tedious and time consuming. Through learning of the different concepts, I was able to realize the technique of code reuse that enables to me work efficiently in beating the deadline in the various repetitive tasks. In the solid Works Modeling Process, I happened to experience some difficult when it came to modeling brackets. I had to go the long way in sketching the offset and dimensioning the sketch, which was hard, and time consuming. After continuous use and practice I came to realize the simpler approach that involved the use of extrude thin feature where the sketch is first created and then directly extruded as shown in figure 1.1 Dimensioning in AutoCAD is used to create and design clear drawings. The dimensions are automatic since arrows, lines, and the associated texts are manipulated using the specified dimension commands. The different approaches to dimensioning include An approach used to dimension along straight lines. The associated commands include DIMLINEAR, DISCONTINUE, DIMBASELINE AND DIMALIGNED and it is used to draw horizontal and vertical dimensions. To create a linear dimension, you first start the command and specify the starting and end points and the pick a point that would specify the position of the dimension line as shown in figure 1.2 When it comes to parts that require creation of circles and radius Radial dimensions is the most appropriate and consists of two commands, the DIMDIAMETER and the DIMRADIUS. They are both similar thus; AutoCAD automatically inserts an R to indicate radius and the